Pelvis / Hip

Page Index: Anatomy |Proximal Femoral Fracture | Garden classification | Intracapsular or Extracapsular | 

Pelvis: AP


1. Iliac crest

2. Ilium

3. Anterior sacral foramina

4. Sacroiliac joint

5. Anterior superior iliac spine

6.  Anterior inferior iliac spine

7. Ischial spine

8. Superior pubic ramus

9. Obturator foramen

10. Inferior pubic ramus


11. Ischial tuberosity

12. Symphysis pubis

13. Coccyx

14. Femur

15. Lesser trochanter

16. Greater trochanter

17. Femoral neck

18. Femoral head

19.Acetabulum


Normal: Hip AP

Normal: Hip Lateral

1. Iliac crest 2. Posterior superior iliac spine 3. Ilium 4. Anterior sacral foramina 5. Sacroiliac joint 6. Sacral Arcuate lines 7. Anterior superior iliac spine 8. Anterior inferior iliac spine 9. Ischial spine 10. Superior pubic ramus 11. Obturator foramen 12. Inferior pubic ramus 13. Ischial tuberosity 14. Symphysis pubis 15. Coccyx 16. Femur 17. Lesser trochanter 18. Greater trochanter 19. Femoral neck 20. Femoral head 21. Acetabulum 22. Fovea centralis 23. Koehler's teardrop 24. Psoas fat pad 25. Intertrochanteric crest 26. Gluteal fat pad

Normal:  Iliac oblique 

1. Ilioischial line (posterior column) 2. Anterior acetabular wall 3. Roof of acetabulum 4. Iliac crest

Normal: Obturator oblique view

1. iliopectineal line 2. posterior acetabular wall  3. acetabular roof 4. obturator foramen

Normal: Acetabular view



▫️ILIOPECTINEAL LINE: disruption can mean an ANTERIOR column acetabular fracture

▫️ILIOISCHIAL LINE: disruption can mean a POSTERIOR column fracture

▫️SHENTON’S LINE: disruption can mean a neck of femur fracture

1. Anterior acetabular wall. 2. Posterior acetabular wall. 3. Acetabular roof. 4. Iliopectineal line. 5. Ilioischial line. 6. Radiographic U (Tear drop).

Acetabular fracture

Proximal Femoral Fracture

Proximal femoral fractures can be described based on their location into four groups:

Proximal femoral fractures can be described based on their location into four groups: head and neck fractures are intracapsular; trochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures - the latter extends 5 cm below the lesser trochanter - are extracapsular

Femoral head blood supply


Subcapital fractures graded by the Garden classification

Type 1 - Nondisplaced - Incomplete, nondisplaced, including valgus impacted fractures

Type 2 - Nondisplaced - Complete, nondisplaced

Type 3 - Displaced - Complete, incompletely displaced

Type 4 - Displaced - Complete, completely displaced

Intracapsular or Extracapsular

Disruption of blood supply to the femoral head is dependent on the type of fracture and causes significant morbidity, the diagnosis and classification of these fractures is important. There are three types:

Subcapital and transcervical fractures are considered intracapsular fractures. While there is disagreement in the literature as to whether basicervical fractures are truly intracapsular or extracapsular, they should usually be treated like extracapsular fractures.


Pelvic radiograph (an approach)

Sacrum and Pelvis

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